Mycoplasma vs Mycobacterium

Mycoplasma vs Mycobacterium Mycobacteria are aerobic and slender, curved rod shaped species. Since they are aerobic they like to live in areas where oxygen levels are high; such as, apical or upper part of the lungs. Thus, a decrease in oxygen concentration can be dangerous for these organisms. On the other hand, Mycoplasma is a bacterial genus that has more than 100 species. It was first described in the late 1800s and members of this genus are very tiny. Even though most of the species of this genus are harmless, there are some that appear to be virulent and thus are responsible for specific medial conditions in humans (1). Mycobacteria cell wall is composed of waxes and mycolic acids, which makes them resistant to Gram staining; however, they can be stained acid-fast. Whereas, Mycoplasmas are gram negative bacteria and one interesting characteristic of these bacteria is that they dont have a cell wall; which gives them an elastic shape that can vary easily (1). The unusual cell wall of Mycobacterium and the absence of cell wall in Mycoplasmas make them invulnerable to many drugs. Plus, both, Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma, grow very slow, this also accounts for the long time to make observable colonies on laboratory media. Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are pathogenic bacterial species that causes respiratory tract disease. The disease that Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause is called tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are responsible for causing mild upper respiratory tract infection known as atypical pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch and it belongs to the genus Mycobacterium; whereas, Mycoplasma pneumoniae belong to genus Mycoplasma. Atypical pneumonia symptoms are different from typical pneumonia. In addition, sometimes patients dont even have any symptoms related to the respiratory tract. Frequently, patients remain ambulatory, therefore this condition is also sometimes called walking pneumonia. Tuberculosis (TB) is spread from person to person via air. If a person, who has TB, coughs, sneezes, or speaks, he can put M. tuberculosis into the air. If nearby people breathe in these bacteria they can become infected. On the other hand, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is also transmitted from one person to another through close personal contact by respiratory droplets. Symptoms, such as fever, chest pain and cough, can be seen after the organism is in the hosts system for 12 to 14 days. Common characteristics of walking pneumonia are that the size of alveoli is decreased due to inward swelling of the alveolar walls and alveoli dont fill with fluid. Whereas a typical pathogenesis for tuberculosis is that once the bacteria are inhaled, they start dividing at a very slow pace inside the cells (white blood cells) that have phagocytized them. They then educe a host response such as infiltration of neutrophil and accumulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lung. The neutrophils are ruptured and destroyed by the organisms. Then, macrophages and lymphocytes come to the alveoli and phagocytize living tubercle bacilli. These organisms again divide within the new host cell and destroy it; as the phagocytes rupture they release infective organisms. This process goes on until enough cells have been ruptured and an acute inflammatory response has occurred. If lesions are not healed, they can result in tissue necrosis or harden to become chronic granulomas, also known as tubercles. These tubercles may contain live tubercle bacilli or macrophages, and lung tissues and function in these areas are permanently destroyed. Also, some tubercle bacil li can also enter lymphatic and circulatory system. They spread through the body and form numerous lesions; this condition is called military tuberculosis Tuberculosis and walking pneumonia can be diagnosed in a clinical sample such as sputum; however, since the bacteria grow very slowly sputum culturing process can take weeks before it is declared negative. Other options for diagnosis of tuberculosis are X-rays or skin test and for walking pneumonia other serologic tests are ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, etc. But usually treatment is given based on clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae dont possess a cell wall which results in osmotic instability, so they utilize sterol in their membrane for structural support. However, survival without a cell wall is not a problem for these organisms, because they live in an animal (human) host, which is osmotically stable (2). M. pneumoniae are invulnerable to B-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, because they disturb the cell wall and these microorganisms dont have a cell wall (2). So drugs, such as azithromycine or fluroquinolone, are used to fight these microorganisms. On the other hand, Mycobacteria unusual cell wall hinders the access of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. However, drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin can be given to the patients for at least one year. In addition, bacillus of Calmette and Guà ©rin (BCG) vaccine is world-widely used to prevent tuberculosis, but there is no vaccine currently available for walking pneumonia. Thus to prevent atypical pneumonia close contac t with infected people is avoided. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the smallest bacterial pathogen from the genus Mycoplasma. This microorganism is responsible for causing mild upper respiratory tract infection known as atypical pneumonia. This type of pneumonia has symptoms that are different from the typical pneumonia. In addition, sometimes patients dont even have any symptoms related to the respiratory tract. Frequently, patients remain ambulatory, therefore this condition is also sometimes called walking pneumonia. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted from one person to another via respiratory droplets. Symptoms, such as fever, chest pain and cough, can be seen after the organism is in the hosts system for 12 to 14 days. Common characteristics of walking pneumonia are that the size of alveoli is decreased due to inward swelling of the alveolar walls and alveoli dont fill with fluid. Atypical pneumonia is diagnosed by isolating M. pneumoniae from sputum or from a nasopharyngeal swab; however, since these bacteria grow very slowly this process can take up to 3 weeks. There are other serologic tests such as ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, etc., but usually treatment is given based on clinical symptoms. These microorganisms dont possess a cell wall which results in osmotic instability, so they utilize sterol in their membrane for structural support. However, survival without a cell wall is not a problem for these organisms, because they live in an animal (human) host, which is osmotically stable (2). M. pneumoniae are invulnerable to B-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, because they disturb the cell wall and these microorganisms dont have a cell wall (2). So drugs, such as azithromycine or fluroquinolone, are used to fight these microorganisms. Plus, currently there is no vaccine available, thus to prevent atypical pneumonia avoid close contact with infected people. References What is Mycoplasma? WiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. Web. 16 Feb. 2010. . M. pneumoniae. Index of /. Web. 17 Feb. 2010. .

Individual Assignmnet

Throughout the simulator, learners figure out the lease rates or how many flats are leased out for a given month. A microeconomic idea that separated itself at the beginning of the simulator was the use of the phrase â€Å"monopoly'. The simulated control company has a monopoly In the lease area within Atlantis. I regarded It to be a microeconomic idea in that it was restricted to a certain area. On a macroeconomic range, it would not hold true because of the fact that there are several lease control companies throughout the world.The second microeconomic idea from the simulator was the situation In which the university student Is to figure out a per onto lease amount that will eliminate the discrepancy between amount required and amount provided at the lease amount of $1550 (University of Phoenix, 2003). I consider this to be a microeconomic idea because each market or area has its own standard for amount required which definitely Impacts how much Is provided. An example of this is that of unique automobiles.There are a small number of these automobiles in need which results in the producers of these automobiles to develop only a restricted amount. A macroeconomic idea that revealed through In the emulator was that for any product, more amounts are required at a lower cost, other things staying continuous. To apply that to a microeconomic range using the simulator as an example, when the lease amount was decreased, more individuals were willing to move in. The changes in supply and demand in the simulator are caused by deferent factors throughout the simulator.The causes Included changes In vacancy prices, low lease prices In neighboring towns, Imbalances between amount demanded and amount provided at current lease prices, changes in population, personal incomes, affordability of apartments, and cost roof. Determining whether the move affected supply and demand, then If the supply or demand were decreased or Increased, and If the shifts were to the remaining or right had to be taken into consideration before decisions could be made.A supply move to the right indicated a loss of the lease amount was necessary, whereas a supply move to the remaining indicated an increase in the lease amount was necessary to improve stability. A demand move to the right Indicated an increase In the lease amount was accessory, while a demand move to the remaining indicated a loss of the lease amount was necessary to improve stability. Some tips from the reading assignments that were emphasized in the simulator were supply and demand, stability, shifts in supply and demand, and cost roof.The supply curve Is upward sloping because the amount provided Improves as the cost Increases; cost and amount provided are proportional. Supply and demand is an essential factor in forming the personality of 1 OFF products or solutions. The provision, or â€Å"supply,† of solutions or products is a key consideration in identifying the price at which those solutions o r products can be obtained.For example, a landscape designs organization with little competition that operates in an area of popular for such solutions will in all likelihood be able to control a heavy price than will a business operating in a highly competitive environment. But accessibility is only one-half of the formula that decides costs components in the market. The other 50 percent is â€Å"demand. † An organization may e able to produce huge quantities of an item at low price, but if there is little or no need for that item in the market, the organization will be forced to sell units at a very low price.On the other hand, if the industry shows responsive to the item that is being sold, the organization can identify a greater unit price. â€Å"Supply† and â€Å"demand,† then, are closely connected economic concepts; indeed, the law of supply and demand is often mentioned as among the most essential in all of business economics. References: Supply and dema nd Simulation, University of Phoenix 2003

Thomas Gage And His Impact On The Revolutionary War Essay

Thomas Gage and His Impact on the Revolutionary War Matt Thompson Mountain View High School Back in 1774 Thomas Gage had a job that no one would envy. He would be tasked with stemming the tide of a rebellion in the colonies of North America. Many considered him the protagonist of the English cause in the Revolutionary war. Tensions were rising and Gage had just been appointed Military Governor of Massachusetts. With this title, he would effectively be the most powerful British official in the 13 Colonies. Gage had control over military, political, and diplomatic decisions (Britannica, 2015). When relations turned sour between the American colonies and their mother country, people looked to Gage to make it right. Gage was unable to take the necessary actions to prevent the war and ended up being a driving factor in the American Revolution. In the beginning of Gage’s time serving in the military and the start of his tenure as Military Governor he was fairly well liked. Gage had fought in the French and Indian War after fighting a ha ndful of battles in Europe. He joined the military in 1741 and came to America in 1754 (Walsh, 2013). As he served his country he began to move his way up the ranks of the British Army. It was in 1763 that he reached the precipice of his military career, becoming Commander in Chief of all British forces in North America. Just a few years after being appointed Governor of Montreal, he was now the most important and influential manShow MoreRelatedGeorge Washington And The Civil War1049 Words   |  5 PagesVirginia on February 22, 1732. His family then moved to a plantation near Fredericksburg and spent most of his youth at the plantation. His father, Augustine Washington, married Jane Butler, but then Jane died in 1729. Then Augustine Washington married in Mary Ball in 1731. They had 7 children, including George Washington. He lived in 1732 to a wealthy plantation owner. 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Love in Platos Symposium - 1227 Words

Two Types of Love in Platos Symposium I have always thought that there was only one type of love, which was that feeling of overwhelming liking to someone else. I am aware that Lust does exist and that it is separate from Love, being that the desire for someones body rather their mind. In Platos Symposium, Plato speaks of many different types of love, loves that can be taken as lust as well. He writes about seven different points of view on love coming from the speakers that attend the symposium in honor of Agathon. Although all these men bring up excellent points on their definitions on love, it is a woman that makes the best definition be known. I will concentrate on the difference between the theory of Common and Heavenly†¦show more content†¦always lying in the dirt without a bed... brave, impetuous, and intense. (p. 486, 203d) This statement should not be taken in the wrong direction and thought of as the common love, but as a new form of love that is something in between the heavenly love and common love. As most of her statements, Diotima believes that many of the beliefs on love that had previously been stated were in truth somewhere in the middle. Another point that Socrates brings up through Diotima is that all of us are pregnant, both in body and soul, and, as soon as we come to a certain age, we naturally desire to give birth. (p.489, 206d) In the case of heavenly love, when a woman is pregnant the body is wanting to give birth to another beautiful human being. When a man is pregnant he desires to give birth to a beautiful self-identity and/or an idea. In the case of common love people are pregnant with the desire to rid their bodies of lust and therefore search for another being to complete their sexual act thus enabling them to give birth to satisfaction. 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